Alien Tort Claims and the Status of Customary International Law

Plaintiff Pseudonymity and the Alien Tort Claims Act: Questions and Challenges

Since the early 1970s, an increasing number of plaintiffs in U.S. federal civil litigation have attempted to sue anonymously to conceal their identities from the general public or defendants. To be sure, this litigation represents a tiny fraction of all civil actions, since cases where plaintiffs are permitted to proceed with a “Doe” or similar appellation remain rare due to constitutional and ...

The Formation of Customary Law

A State Preferences Account of Customary International Law Adjudication

The standard account today of customary international law (CIL) is that it arises from the widespread and consistent practice of states followed out of a sense of legal obligation. Although commonly recited, this account is plagued by evidentiary, normative, and conceptual difficulties, and it has been subjected to increasing criticism in recent years. This paper posits a different account of C...

international investment treaties and the formation, application and transformation of customary international law rules

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efl students gender and socioeconomic status: the use of politeness strategies in the first and second languages

within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...